Universe Is Visible

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Only 5% of the Universe Is Visible — The Remaining 95% Is Still One of Science's Greatest Mysteries

Only about 5% of the universe is made up of everything that humans have ever seen—every planet, star, galaxy, nebula, black hole, and even our own Milky Way. The remaining 95%, according to the current standard model of cosmology, is comprised of two enigmatic components: dark energy (approximately 68%) and dark matter (approximately 27%). Despite decades of research, scientists still do not know exactly what either of them is.

 Dark matter is invisible because it does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it undetectable by ordinary telescopes.  However, astronomers know it exists because of its powerful gravitational effects.  One of the strongest pieces of evidence comes from the way galaxies rotate.

 In our Solar System, planets farther from the Sun move more slowly because gravity weakens with distance.  Earth travels around the Sun at roughly 30 km/s, while distant Neptune orbits at about 5.4 km/s.  If galaxies behaved the same way based only on the visible matter they contain, stars near their outer edges should orbit much more slowly than those near the center.

 Instead, observations show that stars in the outer regions of galaxies move far faster than expected, yet they remain gravitationally bound instead of flying into space.  This unexpected motion suggests that galaxies are surrounded by enormous halos of unseen mass.  This extra gravity that keeps galaxies together is provided by an invisible substance known as dark matter. Dark energy, a phenomenon thought to be the cause of the universe's rapid expansion, is even more enigmatic. In 1998, astronomers discovered that the expansion of the cosmos is not slowing down due to gravity as once expected—it is actually speeding up.  Dark energy is the name given to the unknown force driving this acceleration, but its true nature remains one of the biggest unanswered questions in modern physics.

 Current observations from missions such as the European Space Agency's Planck satellite, along with data from the Hubble Space Telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and numerous ground-based observatories, continue to refine our understanding of the universe.  However, despite remarkable advancements in astronomy, the vast majority of the universe remains mysterious and inaccessible. The universe reminds us that what we can see is only a tiny fraction of reality.  Every new discovery brings us closer to understanding the hidden 95%, but many of the greatest cosmic mysteries are still waiting to be solved.

 Sources: NASA, ESA (Planck Mission), Hubble Space Telescope, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), and the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) cosmological model.



    Writer: Binod Kumar Simkhada
 binodkumarsimkhada315@gmail.com

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